Serbia and Montenegro




                                  Header


Note:
     Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint
     independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as
     a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic
     of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor
     republics represents its continuation


                                 Geography


Location:
     Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
     Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria
Map references:
     Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
     World
Area:
total area:
     102,350 sq km
land area:
     102,136 sq km
comparative area:
     slightly larger than Kentucky
note:
     Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it
     slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq
     km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than
     Connecticut
Land boundaries:
     total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with
     Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km
     with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia
     (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
     Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
note:
     the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline:
     199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
     12 nm
International disputes:
     Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -
     Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and
     Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo
     seeks independence from Serbian Republic
Climate:
     in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers
     with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and
     Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast,
     hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy
     snowfall inland




Terrain:
     extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,
     limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and
     hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off
     the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari
Natural resources:
     oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite,
     chrome
Land use:
arable land:
     30%
permanent crops:
     5%
meadows and pastures:
     20%
forest and woodland:
     25%
other:
     20%
Irrigated land:
     NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
     coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in
     tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and
     other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped
     into the Sava which flows into the Danube
natural hazards:
     subject to destructive earthquakes
international agreements:
     NA
Note:
     controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey
     and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast


                                  People


Population:
total:
     10,759,897 (July 1994 est.)
Montenegro:
     666,583 (July 1994 est.)
Serbia:
     10,093,314 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
Montenegro:
     0.79% (1994 est.)
Serbia:
     0.54% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
Montenegro:
     13.72 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
     14.35 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)




Death rate:
Montenegro:
     5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
     8.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
Montenegro:
     0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
     0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Montenegro:
     10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Serbia:
     21.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Montenegro:
     *** No data for this item ***
total population:
     79.44 years
male:
     76.57 years
female:
     82.5 years (1994 est.)
Serbia:
     *** No data for this item ***
total population:
     73.39 years
male:
     70.9 years
female:
     76.07 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Montenegro:
     1.74 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Serbia:
     2.06 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
     Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
adjective:
     Serbian and Montenegrin
Ethnic divisions:
     Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Religions:
     Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
Languages:
     Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy:
total population:
     NA%
male:
     NA%
female:
     NA%




Labor force:
     2,640,909
by occupation:
     industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)


                                Government


Names:
conventional long form:
     none
conventional short form:
local long form:
     none
local short form:
     Srbija-Crna Gora
Digraph:
Serbia:
     SR
Montenegro:
     MW
Type:
     republic
Capital:
     Belgrade
Administrative divisions:
     2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous
     provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence:
     11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as
     self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of
     Yugoslavia - SFRY)
National holiday:
     NA
Constitution:
     27 April 1992
Legal system:
     based on civil law system
Suffrage:
     16 years of age, if employed;  18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
     Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is
     president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is
     president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly
     elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993
head of government:
     Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime
     Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA
     March 1993), Zeljko SIMIC (since NA 1993)
cabinet:
     Federal Executive Council
Legislative branch:
     bicameral Federal Assembly




Chamber of Republics:
     elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
     percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20
     Montenegrin)
Chamber of Citizens:
     elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
     percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30
     Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DPSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents
     2, vacant 3
Judicial branch:
     Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
     Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan
     MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian
     Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party
     (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojlslav KOSTUNICA;
     Democratic Party of Socialists (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president;
     People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Alliance
     of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina
     Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for
     Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo
     (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president
Other political or pressure groups:
     Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)
Diplomatic representation in US:
     US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic
     relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of
     Yugoslavia continues to function in the US
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
     (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA
embassy:
     address NA, Belgrade
mailing address:
     American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070
telephone:
     [38] (11) 645-655
FAX:
     [38] (1) 645-221
Flag:
     three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red


                                  Economy




Overview:
     The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by
     bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and
     the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and
     Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply,
     particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics,
     it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs,
     energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral
     resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate
     this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating
     much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup
     of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial
     plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical
     assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic
     difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic
     situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a
     communist government that is primarily interested in political and
     military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the
     imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.
National product:
     GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
     NA%
National product per capita:
     $1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
     hyperinflation (1993)
Unemployment rate:
     more than 60% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
     $NA
expenditures:
     $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
     $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
     machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%,
     miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and
     live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages
     and tobacco 1%
partners:
     prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade
     partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy,
     Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US
Imports:
     $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
     machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%,
     manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%,
     miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking
     coal for the steel industry 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils
     1.5%




partners:
     prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the
     trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics;
     the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East
     European countries, US
External debt:
     $4.2 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
     growth rate -42% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
     8,850,000 kW
production:
     42 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
     3,950 kWh (1992)
Industries:
     machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles
     and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy
     (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,
     cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone),
     consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances),
     electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Agriculture:
     the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production
     of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and
     chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive
     beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a
     well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit,
     grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and
     cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables,
     tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of
     Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has
     only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a
     Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes,
     and rice
Illicit drugs:
     NA
Economic aid:
     $NA
Currency:
     1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange rates:
     Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 1,100,000 (15 June 1993), 28.230
     (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176
     (1987)
Fiscal year:
     calendar year


                              Communications


Railroads:
     NA




Highways:
total:
     46,019 km
paved:
     26,949 km
unpaved:
     gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
     NA km
Pipelines:
     crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Ports:
     coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade
Merchant marine:
     bulk 19, bulk 2, cargo 16, combination ore/oil 1, conbination
     tanker/ore carrier 1, container 5, passenger ship 1
Montenegro:
     total 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 804,156 GRT/1,368,813 DWT
     (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)
Serbia:
     total 3 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT
     (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)
note:
     most under Maltese flag, all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the
     Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag
Airports:
total:
     55
usable:
     51
with permanent-surface runways:
     18
with runways over 3,659 m:
     0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
     7
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
     11
Telecommunications:
     700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000
     radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean
     INTELSAT


                              Defense Forces


Branches:
     People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval
     Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial
     Defense Force, Civil Defense
Manpower availability:
Montenegro:
     males age 15-49 179,868; fit for military service 146,158; reach
     military age (19) annually 5,399 (1994 est.)




Serbia:
     males age 15-49 2,546,717; fit for military service 2,048,921; reach
     military age (19) annually 80,937 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
     245 billion dinars, 4%-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of
     defense expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchange
     rate could produce misleading results